1ST Semester (All Notes)

📘 Introduction: What is Geography? Geography is the study of the Earth, its land, climate, people, and the connection between nature and human life. It helps us understand where places are, what they are like, and how they change over time. Geography is not only about maps; it tells us …

📘 Introduction: What is Geography and Why is it Important? Geography is one of the oldest and most important subjects in human knowledge. It teaches us about the Earth’s land, water, air, and life, including humans, animals, and plants. It also helps us understand how humans and nature affect each …

Course Title:           Introduction to SociologyCourse Code:        SOC-301Credit Hours:         3(3-0) Course Outline Theory: An Overview of Sociology: Introduction, Definition, Scope, and Subject Matter Sociology as a Science Historical Background of Sociology Basic Concepts: Group, Community, Society, Associations Non-Voluntary and Voluntary Organizations Informal and Formal Organizations Social Interaction: Levels of Social Interaction Process of …

Course Title:             Pakistan StudiesCourse Code:             PST-301Credit Hours:            2(2-0) Course Contents Historical Perspective Ideological rationale with special reference to: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Allama Muhammad Iqbal Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Factors leading to Muslim separatism People and Land Indus Civilization Muslim Advent Location and Geo-Physical Features Government and Politics in Pakistan …

Terms Which are Briefly Explain Paradigmatic Synchrony Diachrony Form substance Langue Parole Competence performance Briefly explain each concept with examples: Paradigmatic: Explanation: Paradigmatic relations refer to the relationships among linguistic elements when they can be substituted for one another based on shared characteristics or features within the same category. Example: …

Detailed Note on competence and performance The concepts of “competence” and “performance” were introduced by linguist Noam Chomsky to distinguish between an individual’s knowledge of a language and their actual use of that knowledge in communication. These concepts are central to the field of generative grammar and the study of …

The distinction between “langue” and “parole” is a fundamental concept introduced by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. These terms are essential in understanding the structural and functional aspects of language. Let’s explore the key differences between “langue” and “parole”: Definition: Langue: Refers to the underlying system or structure of …

The concepts of “langue” and “parole” were introduced by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and are foundational to structural linguistics. These concepts help distinguish between the underlying system of a language and its actual use in concrete instances. Let’s delve into the definitions of “langue” and “parole,” along with …

“Diachrony” in linguistics refers to the study of language change and evolution over time. Unlike synchrony, which focuses on analyzing a language at a specific point in time, diachronic analysis examines how languages develop, transform, and adapt throughout history. This approach allows linguists to trace the historical processes that shape …

“Synchrony” in linguistics refers to the study of a language at a particular point in time, without necessarily considering its historical development or changes over time. This approach contrasts with diachrony, which focuses on language evolution and historical changes. Synchronic analysis aims to describe and understand a language system as …