A Detailed Note on Backformation
Backformation in morphology is a linguistic process where a new word is created by removing what appears to be an affix (a prefix, suffix, or infix) from an existing word. This process often gives the impression that the new word is the base or root form, and the removed affix was never present in the original word. Backformation can result in the creation of words that seem logical and intuitive. Let’s explore some examples with detailed explanations:
- Edit (from Editor):
- Example: “She edits the manuscript for errors.”
- Explanation: The word “edit” is derived from “editor,” but in this case, it seems as if the base form is “edit,” and the “-or” suffix has been removed. However, “editor” came first, and “edit” is a backformed word.
- Donate (from Donation):
- Example: “They decided to donate money to the charity.”
- Explanation: The word “donate” appears to be the base form, but it is actually a backformation from “donation.” The “-tion” suffix is removed, creating a new verb.
- Resurrect (from Resurrection):
- Example: “The archaeologists hope to resurrect ancient civilizations.”
- Explanation: “Resurrect” seems like the base form, but it is a backformation from “resurrection.” The “-ion” suffix is removed, and a new verb is created.
- Enthuse (from Enthusiasm):
- Example: “He didn’t seem to enthuse about the project.”
- Explanation: The verb “enthuse” is a backformation from the noun “enthusiasm.” The “-iasm” part is removed to create a verb form.
- Innovate (from Innovation):
- Example: “Companies strive to innovate in their products.”
- Explanation: The verb “innovate” is a backformation from the noun “innovation.” The “-tion” suffix is removed, and a verb is created to describe the action of introducing something new.
- Televise (from Television):
- Example: “The event will be televised live.”
- Explanation: “Televise” is a backformed verb from the noun “television.” The “-sion” part is removed to create a verb describing the act of broadcasting on television.
- Babysit (from Babysitter):
- Example: “Can you babysit my kids on Friday?”
- Explanation: The verb “babysit” is a backformation from the noun “babysitter.” The “-ter” suffix is removed, and a new verb is formed.
- Evolve (from Evolution):
- Example: “Species evolve over time through natural selection.”
- Explanation: The verb “evolve” is a backformation from the noun “evolution.” The “-tion” suffix is removed, and a verb is created to describe the process of development or change.
Backformation is a fascinating aspect of language evolution, showcasing how speakers unconsciously create new words by adjusting existing ones. It highlights the dynamic nature of language and its continuous adaptation to meet communication needs.
