Morphology with Pakistani languages examples -

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Overview of Morphology with Pakistani languages examples

Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules governing word formation.
It focuses on the smallest units of meaning in a language, known as morphemes.

Free Morphemes: Complete words with meaning (e.g., ‘book,’ ‘run’).
Bound Morphemes: Attach to free morphemes, altering their meaning (e.g., ‘un-‘ in ‘undo’).

Roots: Core morphemes carrying the primary meaning (e.g., ‘write’ in ‘writer’).
Affixes: Added to roots to create new words (e.g., ‘pre-‘ in ‘prewrite’).

Derivation: Adding affixes to change the meaning or part of speech (e.g., ‘happy’ to ‘unhappy’).
Inflection: Adding inflections to indicate grammatical information (e.g., ‘run’ to ‘runs’).

Agglutinative Languages: Morphemes are added in a clear, linear fashion (e.g., Turkish).
Fusional Languages: Morphemes may be combined and fused, creating complex forms (e.g., Spanish).

Urdu:
- Derivation: Adding ‘گری’ (‘-gari’) to ‘سکھانا’ (‘sikhaana’) forms ‘سکھا گری’ (‘sikha-gari,’ teaching).
- Inflection: The addition of ‘تا’ (‘-ta’) to ‘پڑھنا’ (‘parhna’) indicates the past tense, ‘پڑھا’ (‘parha,’ read).
Pashto:
- Derivation: Adding ‘زی’ (‘-zi’) to ‘پوه’ (‘poh’) creates ‘پوهزی’ (‘pohzi,’ writing).
- Inflection: Changing the final vowel in ‘زما’ (‘zama,’ my) to ‘زمو’ (‘zamo’) indicates possession.
Sindhi:
- Derivation: Adding ‘وار’ (‘-war’) to ‘ڪتاب’ (‘kitab’) results in ‘ڪتابوار’ (‘kitab-war,’ bookstore).
- Inflection: Changing ‘آهي’ (‘aahi,’ is) to ‘آهندو’ (‘ahindo’) indicates future tense.

Morphology plays a crucial role in understanding language structure.
The morphological analysis of Pakistani languages reflects both common linguistic principles and unique features specific to each language.